by Kentucky Equine Research Staff

Spring promises more time to groom, to ride, to deepen relationships with horses. Despite these advantages, this season of renewal can trigger diet-related health glitches for certain horses.

“The flush of spring grass is often a welcome change for owners of senior horses or hard keepers struggling to maintain body condition on hay-based rations,” said Catherine Whitehouse, M.S., a nutrition advisor with Kentucky Equine Research.

Because of the unmatched palatability and low dry matter content of fresh grass, horses can consume large amounts, sometimes up to 5% of their body weight daily. For a 1,000-lb (450-kg) horse, that’s 50 lb (23 kg) of grass every day.

Several classes of horses thrive on good-quality pasture, such as pregnant and lactating mares, growing horses, and senior horses. Compared to hay, the higher energy content and shorter fiber length of pasture is especially beneficial to senior horses that cannot maintain condition on hay-based diets.

While some horses can graze pastures without worry of excessive weight gain, others cannot. Overconsumption of grass can be problematic. Strategies to slow pasture intake include using a grazing muzzle, restricting the amount of time on pasture, and feeding hay before turnout.

“Grazing muzzles are a great tool for owners, but grass intake levels can be highly variable,” Whitehouse said. “For some horses, grazing muzzles are not restrictive enough. Providing time each day without access to pasture—but with appropriate hay—plus the use of a grazing muzzle during grazing hours is best for managing easy keepers.”

Keeping a close eye on the weather forecast can also be helpful. Drastic temperature changes between day and night influences the sugar content of grasses. Sugar-sensitive horses should be kept off stressed pastures, such as those subjected to frost or drought. During the growing season, studies suggest that the best time to graze these horses is after midnight and before 10:00 a.m. when sugar content is lowest.

Potential digestive issues associated with grazing lush pastures include loose manure, gassiness, and colic.

As dormant pastures turn green, special consideration should be given to horses that have been managed throughout the winter with limited turnout, such as those kept primarily in stalls or drylots.

“These horses should be introduced slowly to pasture because, unlike a horse on pasture 24/7, they do not have the advantage of gradual adaptation to pasture availability and changes in nutrient composition,” Whitehouse advised. “Reintroducing horses to grazing during the spring should be approached cautiously to allow the microbial population of the hindgut to adapt to changes in forage, particularly higher levels of rapidly fermentable fiber and nonstructural carbohydrates.”

Recommendations for acclimation to turnout vary, but one safe method would be to increase turnout time by 30-40 minutes daily until the horse reaches its full turnout time.

“Owners of easy keepers and horses with endocrine conditions, such as pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction (PPID) or equine metabolic syndrome (EMS), may not be as pleased with spring’s bounty,” Whitehouse said, “because they must become more vigilant in their management routine.”

For metabolic horses with insulin dysregulation, a core feature of EMS, careful management to restrict intake of cool-season pastures is necessary to prevent pasture-associated laminitis. These horses vary significantly in how much they can graze safely. Some do well when allowed to graze with a muzzle for part of the day and fed hay the remainder of the day. Others, though, cannot graze at all and must be kept in drylots with appropriate hay.

Horses maintained in drylots require supplemental hay year-round, and the hay should be carefully selected to match the energy needs of individuals. Sedentary easy keepers, for example, might do well on mature grass hay, while those with higher energy needs, such as performance horses in light or moderate work, may benefit from high-quality grass hay or mixed grass-alfalfa hay. Fortified feeds should be selected to provide appropriate amounts of nutrients to balance the diet when fed at the recommended intake.

Horses in drylots without access to pasture are candidates for vitamin E supplementation beyond that found in fortified feeds. Vitamin E levels in hay are significantly less than in fresh forage, so vitamin E status of horses fed only preserved forages can diminish over time. Supplemental vitamin E in a highly bioavailable form, such as Nano-E, is necessary to support optimal health in all horses, but is especially significant in exercising horses.

Free-choice access to salt should always be available, but horses grazing lush pastures may benefit from receiving salt top-dressed onto their feed to ensure adequate sodium intake and to encourage drinking.

A digestive buffer such as EquiShure is recommended for all horses, as it can help mitigate the negative effects of a sudden influx of fermentable fibers into the hindgut. EquiShure helps maintain a neutral pH by buffering excessive acid in the hindgut, thereby supporting a healthy microbial population.

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The average horse stands approximately 15 to 16 hands tall and weighs about 900 to 1,200 pounds (408 to 544 kg). Horse size is measured in "hands," where one hand equals 4 inches. This height is measured from the ground to the withers, the highest point of the horse's back where the neck meets the torso.

Key Size Metrics

• Average Height: 14 to 16 hands (56 to 64 inches; 142 to 163 cm).
• Average Weight: 900 to 1,200 pounds (408 to 544 kg).
• Average Length: Approximately 8 to 9 feet from nose to tail.

Variations by Breed Category

While many horses fall into the "average" range, sizes differ drastically by type:

• Light Riding Horses: (e.g., Arabians, Thoroughbreds) usually stand 14–16 hands and weigh 900–1,150 lbs.
• Draft Horses: (e.g., Clydesdales, Shires) are significantly larger, often 16–18+ hands tall and weighing 1,800–2,200+ lbs.
• Ponies: Generally defined as equines under 14.2 hands (58 inches), often weighing between 400 and 900 lbs.
• Miniature Horses: The smallest equines, standing under 9.5 hands and weighing only 150–350 lbs.

The records for the largest and smallest horses in history are held by two extraordinary animals that represent the extremes of the equine world.

The Largest Horse: Sampson

• Breed: Shire Horse
• Height: 21.25 hands (7 feet 2.5 inches or 219.7 cm)
• Weight: Approximately 3,360 lbs (1,524 kg)
• Legacy: Foaled in 1846 in Bedfordshire, UK, Sampson remains the tallest and heaviest horse ever documented by Guinness World Records. For comparison, the most recent record-holder for the tallest living horse was Big Jake, a Belgian gelding who stood 20 hands 2.75 inches before passing away in 2021.

The Smallest Horse: Thumbelina

• Breed: Miniature Horse (born with dwarfism)
• Height: 17.5 inches (44.5 cm or roughly 4.1 hands)
• Weight: 57 lbs (26 kg)
• Legacy: Born in 2001 in St. Louis, Missouri, Thumbelina holds the record for the smallest horse ever recorded. She passed away in 2018. Currently, the record for the smallest living male horse is held by Bombel, who stands 22.36 inches (56.7 cm) tall.

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